If we had a non-hierarchical society, we would not have the social
problems we face now. One major example of a social problem that impacts
our society is violence. Violence has been linked to poverty, economic
stratification, inequality, and disproportionate power. Those who live
in hierarchical societies more often face violence. Why?
When someone doesn’t have something they need, they often use force
to get it. In a world of poverty, people often use force to survive.
Where there is abuse and trauma people often use each other to get their
needs met. Stress and strife cause people to react negatively. When
people are not taught positive coping skills and assertive and healthy
ways to express their emotions, they tend to lash out in anger,
frustration, and violence. Dehumanization creates more dehumanization.
Those who are oppressed tend to oppress others. Deprivation leads to
desperation. When a person lacks power, control, and agency in their own
lives, they often look to take power, control and agency from others in
one form or another. This is why poverty creates violence.
Poverty, Stress, and Violence
Oftentimes, people living in poverty face some of the harshest
conditions, deprived of basic necessities. Poverty means you are under
constant threat of not having food, clothing or shelter, and are always
under pressure to secure resources for daily living. This leads to a lot
of stress.
Stress can produce physical health impacts, mental illness, substance
abuse issues and other addictions, as well as violence and abuse —
including physical, mental/emotional/verbal, sexual, and intimate
partner violence. These types of abuse are associated with the effects
of trauma.
Poverty is also likely to be entrenched. The likelihood that an
individual can overcome poverty is very low. Poverty is usually
inter-generational — meaning if your parents were poor, you are more
likely to be poor. The poor lack opportunities to get out of poverty.
Poverty is created by a system that thrives on poverty. The
capitalist system is self-fulfilling: It exploits people who are
desperate by locking them into low wage-jobs. Meanwhile, their labor
makes very few people very wealthy. As a country, America is becoming
increasingly poor as income inequality grows rapidly.
The fact is most people born into poverty will never overcome it.
This is not because they do not work hard. Most poor folks work harder
than most wealthy people, working several grueling manual labor jobs.
These jobs are generally low-wage jobs. In fact, low-wage jobs are the
only growth industry in the United States right now.
Poor people work very hard and that is part of why poor people are so
stressed out — they have very little time to relax, decompress, and
participate in self-care. When a parent is away from his or her child so
much, or children are around a stressed-out parent, this causes stress
on the child.
The rise in childhood mental illness has been positively correlated
to poverty, stress and lack of parent contact. Children need close bonds
with their parents so they can attune to them, develop healthy
attachments, and mirror the parent’s modeling. Parents also need to
closely supervise their children because children need lots of guidance.
When this does not occur because parents are working to help their
family survive, children are often vulnerable to developing increased
levels of violence – gang violence, sexual assault, and sexual
exploitation.
Moreover, families suffering from inequality stemming from being at
the bottom of the hierarchy are sometimes striving for power and control
in any way they can get it. This is a common psychological/sociological
response that some people have when they’re trying to survive and get
their needs met. One of the negative consequences of this is violence
and abuse. Some people feel they don’t have other choices for making
money to survive and use violence as a means to secure survival. People
have to get their needs met one way or another and when they cannot get
them met healthfully and pro-socially, they will get them met in
unhealthy and maladaptive ways.
Forms of Violence
Violence comes in many forms. Oftentimes, violence manifests in the
form of intimate partner violence, when two people in a relationship
abuse each other. It also manifests when a parent hits a child, when a
person rapes or molests another person, when a person commits armed
robbery, when a person joins a criminal gang that deals drugs, or when
militaries engage in armed conflict. Substance abuse and other
addictions often arise as people try to find a way to cope with the
psycho-social stressors in their lives. Substance abuse can often lead
to increasing violence and danger in people’s lives. Moreover,
addictions often lead to child neglect, which leaves a child vulnerable
to further abuse.
Abuse does not exist in a vacuum. It exists due to multiple
hierarchical systems that create it. The system of violence utilizes
classism, racism, sexism, homophobia, etc. to locate vulnerable targets.
For instance, strict gender role construction and patriarchy exist so
that a tight system of hierarchies can be maintained.
Furthermore, just
as hierarchies create violence, violence is also used to maintain
hierarchies. It has a cyclical effect. There are many examples of how violence reinforces and maintains
hierarchies. For instance, guns help anyone from a gang member, police
officer, or solider in the military maintain dominance, control, and
power through force. Torture is often used by the military in times of
war. Men use the power of their strength, larger frames, and their male
privilege in our society to force their will on women and children in
the family, workplace, and in social and political arenas. Many people,
of all sexes and genders, use violence in intimate partner relationships
or against their children to empower themselves through asserting
control of and intimidation over others. People of color and LGBT people
are often targeted in hate crimes just for being different than the
mainstream. Many people, including children, use bullying and relational
aggression to knock down others who they view as unpopular, weak, or
non-conforming. In addition, rape is one of the most damaging ways that
violence is used to degrade others – often inflicted upon those seen
as “inferior.”
As much as hierarchies create violence, violence props up the
hierarchies and reinforces them so they become entrenched. Those who
resist hierarchies, transgress them, or try to escape violent
situations, are often punished with severe consequences and retaliation,
which keeps many afraid and locked in a perpetual cycle of hierarchical
systems that utilize violence as a tool of submission.
Men control women, some men control other men, and men and women
control children. Those with power control those who lack power and
everyone is controlled by hierarchical systems that keep them shamed,
alienated, exploited, oppressed, unequal, unconscious, and disempowered.
This works out pretty well for capitalism, which is creating record
profits for corporations through methods of control.
Sexual Abuse
One way violence manifests itself is in sexual abuse and assault.
Statistics show that abuse is widespread: One in three girls and one in
six boys has been sexually abused. Those figures are astronomical and
demonstrate just how widespread and commonplace abuse is. The
consequences of abuse last a lifetime.
The United Nations recently published a report on sexual assault. The
report included interviews from 10,000 men in Bangladesh, China,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka. It found that 1 in
4 men had raped someone and 1 in 10 had raped someone who was not their
romantic partner (World Health Organization, 2013). A pattern has
emerged where men who are raised with the cultural expectation of
dominance and entitlement over women use rape as a tool of oppression.
The researchers concluded that prevention was needed and that
interventions should focus on “childhood and adolescence, and address
culturally rooted male gender socialization and power relations, abuse
in childhood, and poverty.” However, prevention alone will not eradicate
sexual violence. As long as hierarchies exist, so will the human urge
to seek power over others.
What About Men?
While women are more oppressed than men in our society (and often by
men themselves), we should not forget that men are also oppressed. Men
are told in our society that they cannot be “weak” and, thus, cannot
show any emotion other than anger or violence. Men are constantly
policed by each other in this regard; if they do show emotion they are
shamed and told they are not men. In our society, it is less acceptable
for men to behave differently from society’s imposed gender roles, which
are reinforced by the binary social construction of gender. Those who
do not conform are socially or physically punished.
Men who use a “one-up” mentality to display hypermasculinity in a
game of domination demonstrate how hierarchical systems manifest and
keep men locked in negative patterns. The process relies on shame and
insecurity the same way that women’s oppression works — both of which
help fuel capitalist control and power.
Generation FIVE
There is a social justice organization in the SF Bay Area called
Generation FIVE. Their purpose is to end child sexual abuse in five
generations. Sexual abuse is just one manifestation of the hierarchical
system we operate under in America, and it has major consequences for
our entire society.
Generation FIVE’s website states:
“We are living in a broader
social context that teaches power-over relations, private ownership
(parents/family) of children, a dismissal of children’s accounts
(legal), mixed messages and little education about human sexuality (it
is bad, shame based, and it is used to sell us everything from cars to
deodorant), and the ongoing mixing of sex and violence. We are not
taught to address pain and trauma deeply, but rather mask symptoms or
blame the individual for their distress. Child sexual abuse is about
having power over another person and using that power sexually. The
norms that allow for this behavior are sadly, ever-present in our
society.”
Generation FIVE came up with its own theory of how to end sexual
abuse by way of what they call “transformative justice.” Generation FIVE
believes, “systems of oppression and child sexual abuse have an
interdependent relationship: a power-over system that benefits some at
the expense of others and uses violence, creates the conditions for
child sexual abuse (i.e. gender inequality, class exploitation, racism,
violence and threat for difference), while in turn the prevalence of
child sexual abuse fosters behaviors (obedience to authority, silence,
disempowerment, shame) that prevent people from organizing effectively
to work for liberation, healing and change systemic forms of violence.”
Generation FIVE recognizes how deeply everyday systems are operating
to produce sexual abuse. When people talk about “rape culture,” it
reaches into the very fabric and foundation of our society and filters
down into our culture. Generation FIVE also sees that that we must
explore the root causes of sexual abuse in order to find transformative
solutions.
The Capitalist System
The truth is the capitalist system itself perpetuates violence.
Sadly, capitalism is supported by Democrats and Republicans alike. For
example, Democrats and Republicans have helped to whittle away a woman’s
right to abortion; they perpetuate wars; they passed welfare reform;
they line the pockets of corporations and Wall Street; and they support
the so-called War on Drugs, among many other measures that have
contributed to poverty and violence. As long as Democrats and
Republicans support the capitalist system, they are supporting
hierarchies that will continue to subjugate people.
True liberation comes when we rid ourselves of hierarchies, whether
in our families, between men and women, between gays and straights,
between different races, between adults and children, between employees
and employers, and between the people and our government. If we want to
end these problems, we have to go after what conditions create them — to
the root causes. That is why we have to end what fundamentally creates
hierarchies — the capitalist system itself.
The Alternative
Right now, the wealthy elite benefit the most from the rest of us,
but we have the ability to flip the script and create a society that
serves us all. In an egalitarian society, violence will largely be a
thing of the past.
Studies by neuro-biologist, Robert Sapolsky, at Stanford University
prove that human beings are social animals who thrive on social
interaction and connection. Salpolsky also has proven that stress
greatly increases in a society rife with hierarchy and domination.
Chronic stress is directly linked to chronic diseases, mental illness,
and early death. Saolsky concludes if we lived in a non-hierarchical
society, where there was peace among people who cooperated instead of
competed, who supported each other instead of trying to dominate one
another, and where everyone helped each other out to survive, we would
all live longer happier lives.
Our quality of life is vastly diminished by the profit-based
capitalist system that governs most all aspects of our lives. We need a
human-needs based system where all get to share in the decision making,
work together and reap benefits more equally. We need that system
because it works best for us and will give us what we need, want, and
deserve as human beings. It would unleash and expand not only our
potential and ability to self-actualize and self-activate, but also our
ultimate happiness as individuals and as a community.
The Socialist Party USA believes in the power of socialist feminism to provide a model for an egalitarian society. From the
Statement of Principles of the Socialist Party USA: “
Socialist
feminism confronts the common root of sexism, racism and classism: the
determination of a life of oppression or privilege based on accidents of
birth or circumstances. Socialist feminism is an inclusive way of
creating social change. We work against the exploitation and oppression
of women who live with lower wages, inferior working conditions and
subordination in the home, in society and in politics.”
The Statement of Principles also includes planks that address
creating systems of freedom and equality, radical democracy, “the
abolition of male supremacy and class society,” and “the elimination of
all forms of oppression, including those based on race, national origin,
age, sexual preferences, and disabling conditions.” Furthermore, the
Statement of Principles calls for giving the means of production to all
workers and allowing workers to democratically control their workplaces,
eliminating capitalist exploitation.
Moreover, the Socialist Party USA’s platform addresses many policies
that would fundamentally transform the structure of society to eliminate
hierarchies and, thus, violence. The platform states the “ultimate goal
of a society [should be] founded on principles of egalitarian,
non-exploitative and non-violent relations among all people and between
all peoples.” The platform calls for full employment for all, a living
wage, a livable guaranteed annual income, and “increased and expanded
welfare assistance and unemployment compensation at 100 percent of a
worker’s previous income or the minimum wage, whichever is higher, for
the full period of unemployment or re-training, whichever is longer,”
and also addresses economic development and investment using government
resources to help lift all out of poverty. It goes on to spell out
capitalism’s link to racism, sexism, ageism, and ableism and addresses
each oppressed group with demands for elimination of discrimination and
exploitation based on inferior status. The platform also takes an
explicit stance against patriarchy and male domination. Lastly, the
platform demands access to affordable education, housing,
transportation, and healthcare, and contains planks against the prison
industrial complex and the war on drugs. These are the types of
principles and measures that would work to eradicate poverty and
violence.
The rich are few and the working class is many, giving us the power
to transform our society so it benefits us all. If we worked together,
we could make it happen. We need to end the system of power that seeks
domination and instead choose to seek mutual and shared power among all
people that creates healthy social, cultural, economic and political
relationships. If we want to end violence in all its forms, we need much
more than mere prevention — the future we need is socialist.
Previously published in The Socialist online at www.thesocialist.us on December 5, 2013.
